#Note 1: Estimates of the number of indigenous nations globally varies between theorists but range from 5,000 upwards. I have used the figures most recently used by indigenous theorists themselves.

#Note 2: Again the latest figure to hand has been used.

#Note 3: Smith (1986:154; emphasis in original) uses the term ethnie when referring to a people. He states that "more and more ethnie are trying to take on territorial components and adopt a civic model, as they seek to become ‘nations’."

#Note 4: Development is linked to other phenomena existing prior to its invention, particularly the formation of Western economic practices and rationality - "those we have become accustomed to associate with Homo Economicus" (Escobar 1988:437). Development, with its root sense of unfolding, came into the English language in the 18th century, however, "it was readily granted a metaphorical extension by the new biology and ideas of evolution" (Watts 1993:259; see also Pieterse 1991). As a consequence, development has rarely been liberated from organicist notions of growth or from a close affinity with teleological views of history, science and progress in the West (Hobart 1993; Parajuli 1991). The pivotal theme of developmentalism as a linear theory of progress rooted in Western capital hegemony was immutable by the 19th century; "it became possible to talk of societies being a state of ‘frozen development’" (Watts 1993:259).

#Note 5: One way of understanding this differing alienation is to note that localised activities dominate the shaping of space into place in ‘traditional’ or ‘pre-modern’ societies: "But distanciated relations predominate in the world today, separating space and place, which provides the basis for new spatial as well as temporal zones and boundaries" (Rodman 1992:645).

#Note 6: Churchill and Morris (1987:23) note:

Confronted with the spectre of their own extinction as peoples - a prospect bound up in their forced incorporation into some "broader society" - indigenous nations have no alternative but to engage in the most desperate forms of resistance, seeking succour and assistance (real, or only apparent) from wherever it may come...One need look no further than this to discover how it is that indigenous peoples are presently trapped between the "rock" of right-wing reaction and the "hard place" of left-wing revolution.

#Note 7: On 8 June 1977, the Geneva Conventions were revised (Ryser 1985). The conference adopted Protocols I and II to cover treatment of nonstate combatants and war victims (see Nietschmann 1985, 1987, 1994; Ryser 1985, 1992). In short,

"Protocols I and II revise international rules of war to improve the treatment of combatants and civilians in a wartime. Even though the protocols do not explicitly acknowledge state-nation wars, they are sufficiently broad that Fourth World nations in conflict should invoke them to expose state violations of the Geneva Conventions" (Nietschmann 1987:14).

#Note 8: Ethnodevelopment as a concept refers to the participation of indigenous groups in the formation and implementation of development projects in accordance with their own needs and aspirations. Ethnodevelopment projects are designed by rather than for the people concerned, which implies the revaluation of their own culture as the basis upon which future development is to be constructed. Ethnodevelopment is thus opposed to ethnocidal development projects imposed upon local communities by dominant national elites (see Seymour-Smith 1986).

#Note 9: Ecodevelopment as a concept have also been put forward in opposition to conventional development programs which are often ecologically and culturally destructive. This notion embraces appropriate technology as well as environmental sensitivity and conservation, and advocates the assessment of technological strategies in terms of their long-term environmental consequences and their socio-cultural implications rather than simply in terms of short-term maximisation of profits or exploitation of limited resource bases. It thus gives priority to the satisfaction of the needs of the local population and the adaptation of the technology to be employed to the characteristics of the ecosystem, rather than the adaptation of the ecosystem to the technology (see Seymour-Smith 1986).